{"@context": {"@vocab": "https://schema.org/", "crm": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/", "pleiades": "https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/", "wd": "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/", "shoshenq": "https://w3id.org/shoshenq-kg/", "cardinality": "shoshenq:cardinality", "incidence": "shoshenq:incidence", "temporal": "shoshenq:temporalInterval", "sources": "shoshenq:primarySources"}, "@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context", "@type": "shoshenq:MathematicalHypergraph", "name": "Hypergraph of Shoshenq I - The Sardo-Egyptian Pharaoh of Masua", "formal_definition": "H = (V, E, R, T, Phi)"}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "@type": "Person", "name": "Shoshenq I", "alternateName": ["Sheshonq I", "Shashanq I", "Σέσωγχις"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q339878", "urn:vertex:person:sheshonq_i_faraone_meshwesh"], "description": "Founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, hypothesized as the Sardo-Egyptian pharaoh from Masua in Sulcis. Reigned c. 943-922 BC according to conventional chronology.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:masua", "@type": "Place", "name": "Masua (Monte d'Accoddi)", "alternateName": ["Masua di Sulcis", "Mons Masua", "Portus Masua"], "geo": {"@type": "GeoCoordinates", "latitude": 39.15, "longitude": 8.35}, "description": "Ancient coastal settlement in Sulcis, southwestern Sardinia, hypothesized as the origin point of Shoshenq I's Sardo-Egyptian lineage.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}, "sameAs": ["urn:vertex:geo:masua_iglesiente"]}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:sulcis", "@type": "Place", "name": "Sulcis", "alternateName": ["Sulcis Iglesiente", "Sardinia South-West"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q188221"], "description": "Southwestern region of Sardinia containing Masua, characterized by ancient mining activities and Nuragic complexes.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "@type": "Place", "name": "Sardinia", "alternateName": ["Sardò", "Σαρδῶ", "Ichnusa"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q2252"], "description": "Large Mediterranean island, home to the Nuragic civilization and the Shardana people mentioned in Egyptian records.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "@type": "Place", "name": "Tanis (Djanet)", "alternateName": ["San el-Hagar", "Ζώανις"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q207036", "urn:vertex:geo:tanis_san_el_hagar"], "description": "Capital city of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt under Shoshenq I, where the Bubastite Portal records his campaign in the Levant.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:bubastis", "@type": "Place", "name": "Bubastis (Per-Bastet)", "alternateName": ["Tell Basta", "Πυβαστις"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q207354"], "description": "Cult center of the goddess Bastet and ancestral home of Shoshenq I's Libyan dynasty, from which the dynasty derives its name.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:heracleion", "@type": "Place", "name": "Heracleion (Thonis)", "alternateName": ["Abu Qir Bay", "Θῶνις"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q4090"], "description": "Submerged Egyptian port city where monumental statuary of Shoshenq I has been discovered, indicating his cultic importance.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:megiddo", "@type": "Place", "name": "Megiddo", "alternateName": ["Armageddon", "Μαγιδδώ"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q211361"], "description": "Strategic city in the Levant where a fragment of a stele erected by Shoshenq I was found, documenting his campaign in the region.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Shardana", "alternateName": ["Sherden", "Šrdn", "Sea Peoples"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q1771003", "urn:vertex:ethno:shardana_egizio"], "description": "Sardinian warriors who served as mercenaries in the Egyptian army, possibly connected to the origin of Shoshenq I's family.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:libu", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Libu (Libyans)", "alternateName": ["Libyans", "Rebu", "Rbw"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q259028"], "description": "Libyan tribes from whom the Twenty-second Dynasty originated, possibly allied with Sardinian Shardana through Mediterranean trade networks.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:nuragic", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Nuragic Civilization", "alternateName": ["Nuraghi builders", "Sardinian Bronze Age"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q2466442"], "description": "Bronze Age civilization of Sardinia characterized by nuraghe towers, possibly connected to Egyptian influence through maritime trade.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:israel", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Kingdom of Israel", "alternateName": ["Northern Kingdom", "Samaria"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q199574"], "description": "Ancient kingdom whose destruction by Shoshenq I is recorded in the Hebrew Bible and on the Bubastite Portal.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:judah", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Kingdom of Judah", "alternateName": ["Southern Kingdom", "Jerusalem"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q43611"], "description": "Ancient kingdom that submitted to Shoshenq I's campaign according to biblical chronology (Rehoboam's reign).", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:hist:herodotus", "@type": "Person", "name": "Herodotus", "alternateName": ["Father of History", "Ἡρόδοτος"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q174976"], "description": "Greek historian who in Histories IV describes the Sardi as Troglodytes and Ethiopians of Sardinia in the Sulcis region.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:hist:manetho", "@type": "Person", "name": "Manetho", "alternateName": ["Μανέθων"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q168844"], "description": "Egyptian priest and historian who recorded the reign of Shoshenq I in his Aegyptiaca, preserved in Josephus' Against Apion.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:hist:josephus", "@type": "Person", "name": "Flavius Josephus", "alternateName": ["Ιώσηπος"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q57835"], "description": "Jewish historian who preserves Manetho's account of Shoshenq I and identifies him with the biblical Shishak.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:hist:thucydides", "@type": "Person", "name": "Thucydides", "alternateName": ["Θουκυδίδης"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q57835"], "description": "Greek historian who provides early references to Sardinian connections in Mediterranean trade networks.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:deity:amun", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Amun", "alternateName": ["Amon", "Ammon", "Ἄμμων"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q84264"], "description": "Supreme Egyptian deity to whom Shoshenq I dedicated the greatest gate at Karnak, proclaiming himself beloved of Amun.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:deity:bastet", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Bastet", "alternateName": ["Bast", "Ubasti", "Πυβαστις"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q23327"], "description": "Egyptian cat goddess, patron deity of Shoshenq I's family from Bubastis, symbol of the Twenty-second Dynasty.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:deity:tanit", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Tanit", "alternateName": ["Tinnit", "Punic Tanit"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q207905"], "description": "Punic goddess worshipped in Carthage and Sardinia, possibly syncretized with Egyptian deities during Shoshenq I's era.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:myth:shishak", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Shishak", "alternateName": ["Biblical Shishak", "שׁישׁק"], "description": "Biblical pharaoh who plundered Jerusalem during Rehoboam's reign, identified with Shoshenq I by modern scholarship.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:myth:troglodytes", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Troglodytes of Sardinia", "alternateName": ["Cave-dwellers", "Sardi Trogloditi"], "description": "Herodotus' term for Sardinians living in cave dwellings in the Sulcis region, linked to Shoshenq I's Sardo-Egyptian origin hypothesis.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:myth:ethiopians_sardinia", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Ethiopians of Sardinia", "alternateName": ["Etiopi di Sardegna", "Αἰθίοπες"], "description": "Herodotus' designation for dark-skinned Sardinians in the Sulcis, possibly indicating African-Egyptian admixture in the region.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:osorkon_i", "@type": "Person", "name": "Osorkon I", "alternateName": ["Osorkon the Elder"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q200498"], "description": "Son and successor of Shoshenq I, continued the Sardo-Egyptian dynasty's expansion in Egypt and the Levant.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:rehoboam", "@type": "Person", "name": "Rehoboam", "alternateName": ["רחבעם"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q168247"], "description": "King of Judah who faced Shoshenq I's invasion, leading to the sacking of Jerusalem's temple treasures.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:jeroboam_i", "@type": "Person", "name": "Jeroboam I", "alternateName": ["ירבעם הראשון"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q167635"], "description": "First king of the Kingdom of Israel, whose kingdom was attacked by Shoshenq I according to biblical records.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bubastite_portal", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Bubastite Portal at Karnak", "alternateName": ["Shoshenq I's Triumphal Relief"], "description": "Monumental gate at Karnak Temple decorated with reliefs depicting Shoshenq I's campaign in the Levant, listing conquered cities.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:megiddo_stele", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Shoshenq I's Stele at Megiddo", "description": "Fragmentary basalt stele fragment found at Megiddo bearing the cartouche of Shoshenq I, confirming his presence in the Levant.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:heracleion_statue", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Shoshenq I's Statue from Heracleion", "description": "Colossal granite statue of Shoshenq I discovered in the submerged city of Heracleion, weighing 4 tons.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:origin_sardo_egyptian_hypothesis", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Hypothesis of Shoshenq I's Sardo-Egyptian Origin from Masua", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "hypothesized_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:masua", "role": "proposed_origin"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sulcis", "role": "regional_context"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "connecting_mercenaries"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:herodotus", "role": "ethnographic_source"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0943", "end": "-0922"}, "sources": ["Usai, L. (2026). Il Faraone sardo di Masua Shoshenq I. Zenodo", "Herodotus, Histories IV, 165-170"], "description": "The hypothesis posits that Shoshenq I, founder of Egypt's Twenty-second Dynasty, originated from Masua in Sulcis, connecting Libyan dynasty founders with Sardinian Shardana mercenaries.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:herodotus_troglodyte_ethiopian", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Herodotus' Classification of Sardinians as Troglodytes and Ethiopians", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:herodotus", "role": "classifying_observer"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sulcis", "role": "geographic_locus"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:myth:troglodytes", "role": "habitational_ethnonym"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:myth:ethiopians_sardinia", "role": "phenotypic_ethnonym"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0440", "end": "-0430"}, "sources": ["Herodotus, Histories IV, 165-170"], "description": "Herodotus describes the Sardi in the Sulcis region as living in caves (Troglodytes) and being dark-skinned (Ethiopians), suggesting African influence that aligns with the Shoshenq I hypothesis.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:shardana_egyptian_service", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shardana Mercenaries in Egyptian Military Service", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "sardinian_mercenaries"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "homeland_origin"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "egyptian_theater"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "employing_pharaoh"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1200", "end": "-0922"}, "sources": ["Egyptian Temple Reliefs at Medinet Habu", "Onomasticon of Amenemip"], "description": "Sardinian Shardana served as elite mercenaries in Egyptian armies for centuries, providing a plausible mechanism for Sardo-Egyptian cultural and genealogical exchange culminating in Shoshenq I's dynasty.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:libu_shardana_alliance", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Libyan-Shardana Alliance in the Western Mediterranean", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:libu", "role": "libyan_tribes"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "sardinian_warriors"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "strategic_island"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:bubastis", "role": "dynastic_center"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1100", "end": "-0943"}, "sources": ["Bronze Age Mediterranean Trade Networks", "Shardana Toponyms in Libyan Names"], "description": "Libyan tribes (ancestors of the Twenty-second Dynasty) likely formed alliances with Sardinian Shardana through Mediterranean trade and military cooperation, facilitating the rise of Shoshenq I's family in Egypt.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:campaign_bubastite_portal", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shoshenq I's Levantine Campaign Recorded on Bubastite Portal", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "campaigning_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bubastite_portal", "role": "commemorative_monument"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:megiddo", "role": "conquered_city"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:israel", "role": "target_kingdom"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:amun", "role": "patron_god"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0925", "end": "-0924"}, "sources": ["Bubastite Portal Inscriptions at Karnak", "1 Kings 14:25-28", "2 Chronicles 12:2-9"], "description": "Shoshenq I's military campaign in the Levant is documented on the monumental Bubastite Portal at Karnak, listing over 150 conquered cities including Megiddo, correlating with the biblical account of Shishak's invasion.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:biblical_shishak_identification", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Identification of Shoshenq I with Biblical Shishak", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "historical_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:myth:shishak", "role": "biblical_counterpart"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:josephus", "role": "ancient_synthesizer"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:manetho", "role": "chronological_source"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0925", "end": "-0924"}, "sources": ["1 Kings 14:25-28", "2 Chronicles 12:2-9", "Josephus, Against Apion I, 74-75"], "description": "Modern scholarship identifies Shoshenq I with the biblical Shishak who plundered Jerusalem during Rehoboam's reign, based on chronological synchronism and corroborating archaeological evidence.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:jerusalem_siege_and_sack", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Siege and Sack of Jerusalem by Shoshenq I", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "besieging_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:rehoboam", "role": "defeated_king"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "egyptian_capital"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:judah", "role": "target_kingdom"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bubastite_portal", "role": "corroborating_evidence"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0925", "end": "-0924"}, "sources": ["1 Kings 14:25-28", "2 Chronicles 12:2-9"], "description": "According to biblical accounts, Shoshenq I (Shishak) besieged Jerusalem and took treasures from the Temple and royal palace during Rehoboam's reign, forcing Judah into vassalage.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:karnak_dedication_amun", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shoshenq I's Great Dedication to Amun at Karnak", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dedicating_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:amun", "role": "supreme_god"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bubastite_portal", "role": "architectural_testament"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "political_center"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0943", "end": "-0922"}, "sources": ["Karnak Temple Inscriptions", "Shoshenq I's Building Program"], "description": "Shoshenq I initiated extensive building projects at Karnak Temple, dedicating the monumental Bubastite Portal to Amun to legitimize his rule and affirm his piety to the supreme Egyptian deity.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:bubastis_dynastic_cult", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Bubastis as Cultic Center of the Twenty-second Dynasty", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:bubastis", "role": "ancestral_city"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:bastet", "role": "patron_goddess"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynasty_founder"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:osorkon_i", "role": "dynastic_successor"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0943", "end": "-0890"}, "sources": ["Bubastis Archaeological Excavations", "Libyan Dynasty Inscriptions"], "description": "The city of Bubastis served as the cultic and dynastic heart of Shoshenq I's family, dedicated to the cat goddess Bastet, from which the dynasty derives its name and religious identity.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:heracleion_colossal_statue", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Discovery of Shoshenq I's Colossal Statue at Heracleion", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "represented_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:heracleion_statue", "role": "archaeological_find"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:heracleion", "role": "submerged_city"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "contemporary_capital"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0943", "end": "-0922"}, "sources": ["Franck Goddio, Heracleion Excavations", "Underwater Archaeology Reports"], "description": "A massive 4-ton granite statue of Shoshenq I was discovered in the submerged city of Heracleion, attesting to his monumental building program and the widespread distribution of his royal imagery.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:megiddo_stele_conquest", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shoshenq I's Stele at Megiddo as Evidence of Levantine Conquest", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "conquering_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:megiddo_stele", "role": "victory_monument"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:megiddo", "role": "strategic_city"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bubastite_portal", "role": "corroborating_list"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0925", "end": "-0924"}, "sources": ["Megiddo Excavations", "Israel Finkelstein, Biblical Archaeology"], "description": "A fragmentary stele bearing Shoshenq I's cartouche found at Megiddo provides direct archaeological evidence of his military campaign in the Levant, corroborating the city list on the Bubastite Portal.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:nuragic_egyptian_exchange", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Nuragic-Egyptian Cultural Exchange in the Bronze Age", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:nuragic", "role": "sardinian_civilization"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "mediterranean_hub"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "egyptian_center"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynastic_link"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1500", "end": "-0922"}, "sources": ["Bronze Age Mediterranean Trade", "Egyptian Artifacts in Sardinia", "Nuragic Bronze Statuettes"], "description": "Archaeological evidence demonstrates extensive cultural and trade exchange between Nuragic Sardinia and Egypt during the Bronze Age, providing a foundation for the hypothesis of Shoshenq I's Sardo-Egyptian origins.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:masua_sulcis_troglodyte_connection", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Masua-Sulcis as the Locus of Herodotus' Troglodyte Sardi", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:masua", "role": "specific_locality"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sulcis", "role": "regional_context"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:myth:troglodytes", "role": "herodotean_ethnonym"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:herodotus", "role": "classical_authority"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0500", "end": "-0440"}, "sources": ["Herodotus, Histories IV, 165-170", "Sulcis Archaeological Cave Sites", "Usai, L. (2026)"], "description": "The Sulcis region, particularly around Masua, contains numerous cave dwellings that match Herodotus' description of Sardinian Troglodytes, suggesting a continuous habitation pattern from the Bronze Age through the classical period.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_ii", "@type": "Person", "name": "Ramesses II", "alternateName": ["Ramses II", "Ramesse II", "Ramesses the Great"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q170832"], "description": "Third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigned 1279-1213 BC. Built Beit el-Wali temple in Nubia and employed Shardana mercenaries in his army.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_xi", "@type": "Person", "name": "Ramesses XI", "alternateName": ["Ramses XI"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q43445"], "description": "Last pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, reigned 1107-1077 BC. His year 1 Adoption Papyrus records legal rights of Shardana veterans.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:beit_el_wali", "@type": "Place", "name": "Beit el-Wali Temple", "alternateName": ["House of the Holy Man", "New Kalabsha"], "geo": {"@type": "GeoCoordinates", "latitude": 23.96, "longitude": 32.86}, "description": "Rock-cut temple built by Ramesses II in Lower Nubia, relocated to New Kalabsha in the 1960s. Shows reliefs of military campaigns against Nubians, Syrians, Libyans, and Shasu.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:nubia", "@type": "Place", "name": "Nubia", "alternateName": ["Kush", "Ta-Seti"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q19603"], "description": "Region south of Egypt, rich in gold mines (Wawat and Kush), controlled by Egypt during the New Kingdom period.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:wawat", "@type": "Place", "name": "Wawat", "alternateName": ["Lower Nubia"], "description": "Northern Nubian region famous for gold mining operations during the Egyptian New Kingdom.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:kush", "@type": "Place", "name": "Kush", "alternateName": ["Upper Nubia", "Nubia proper"], "description": "Southern Nubian region with extensive gold deposits, source of Egyptian wealth during the New Kingdom.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:valley_of_kings", "@type": "Place", "name": "Valley of the Kings", "alternateName": ["Wadi el-Muluk", "Biban el-Moluk"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q2278"], "description": "Royal necropolis of ancient Egypt on the west bank of Thebes, where pharaohs of the New Kingdom were buried.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:deir_el_medina", "@type": "Place", "name": "Deir el-Medina", "alternateName": ["Set Maat", "Place of Truth"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q103704"], "description": "Ancient Egyptian workmen's village on the west bank of Thebes, home to artisans who built and decorated tombs in the Valley of the Kings.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:adoption_papyrus", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Adoption Papyrus (Ashmolean 1945.96)", "alternateName": ["Papyrus of Adoption"], "description": "Legal document from year 1 of Ramesses XI recording the adoption of a woman by a Shardana veteran, proving their civil legal rights in Egyptian society.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:tomb_robbery_papyri", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Tomb Robbery Papyri", "alternateName": ["Papiri dei Furti", "BM 10052", "Mayer A", "Abbott"], "description": "Judicial papyri documenting tomb robberies in the Valley of the Kings during the Twentieth Dynasty, mentioning Shardana guards (sau) of the royal necropolis.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:deir_el_medina_ostraca", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Deir el-Medina Ostraca", "alternateName": ["DM 222", "CG 25556"], "description": "Inscribed pottery fragments from the workmen's village containing administrative records and references to Shardana security forces.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:kushite", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Kushite People", "alternateName": ["Nubians", "People of Kush"], "description": "Indigenous inhabitants of Nubia/Kush, depicted as enemies in Egyptian reliefs including those at Beit el-Wali.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shasu", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Shasu", "alternateName": ["Shasu pastoralists"], "description": "Semitic-speaking nomadic groups in the Levant and Sinai, depicted among enemies in Ramesses II's reliefs.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:beit_el_wali_construction", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Construction of Beit el-Wali Temple by Ramesses II", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_ii", "role": "builder_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:beit_el_wali", "role": "constructed_temple"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:nubia", "role": "geographic_context"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:amun", "role": "patron_god"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1279", "end": "-1250"}, "sources": ["The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II (UChicago ISAC)", "Touregypt.net"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "Ramesses II built the rock-cut temple of Beit el-Wali in Lower Nubia, dedicated to Amun-Re, Re-Horakhti, Khnum and Anuket. WELL-DOCUMENTED by academic sources.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:beit_el_wali_battle_reliefs", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Battle Reliefs at Beit el-Wali Showing Multiple Enemies", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:beit_el_wali", "role": "artistic_monument"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_ii", "role": "victorious_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:kushite", "role": "nubian_enemies"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shasu", "role": "levantine_enemies"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:libu", "role": "libyan_enemies"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1270", "end": "-1260"}, "sources": ["The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II (UChicago ISAC)", "Touregypt.net", "Academia.edu papers on Beit el-Wali"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "The reliefs at Beit el-Wali depict Ramesses II's campaigns against Nubians (south wall), Syrians, Shasu, and Libyans (north wall). WELL-DOCUMENTED by academic sources.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:shardana_beit_el_wali_hypothesis", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "DISPUTED: Hypothesis of Shardana Presence at Beit el-Wali", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "hypothesized_mercenaries"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:beit_el_wali", "role": "claimed_location"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_ii", "role": "employing_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:nubia", "role": "theater_of_operations"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:wawat", "role": "gold_region_target"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1270", "end": "-1260"}, "sources": ["Usai, L. (2026). Proiezione Transcontinentale Shardana in Nubia"], "verification_status": "DISPUTED - NOT SUPPORTED", "description": "Usai claims Shardana appear in Beit el-Wali reliefs during Nubian campaign for gold control. HOWEVER: Academic sources (UChicago ISAC, Touregypt, scholarly papers) list Nubians, Syrians, Libyans, Shasu as enemies shown, but DO NOT mention Shardana. Shardana are well-attested at other sites (Medinet Habu, Abu Simbel, Karnak, Luxor) but NOT documented at Beit el-Wali. This appears to be a UNSUPPORTED INTERPRETATION by Usai.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:nubian_gold_importance", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Nubian Gold (Wawat and Kush) as Egyptian Economic Resource", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:nubia", "role": "gold_source_region"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:wawat", "role": "lower_nubian_gold"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:kush", "role": "upper_nubian_gold"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_ii", "role": "controlling_pharaoh"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1279", "end": "-1213"}, "sources": ["Klemm & Klemm, Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia", "AcrossBorders - The gold of Kush", "Vercoutter 1959"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "Nubia was a crucial source of gold for Egypt, with Wawat and Kush being the primary gold-producing regions. New Kingdom temples in Nubia were often located near gold mines. WELL-DOCUMENTED by multiple academic sources.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:shardana_valley_kings_gendarmerie", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shardana as Gendarmerie of the Valley of the Kings", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "security_force"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:valley_of_kings", "role": "protected_necropolis"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:deir_el_medina", "role": "workmen_village"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:tomb_robbery_papyri", "role": "documentary_evidence"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:deir_el_medina_ostraca", "role": "administrative_records"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1150", "end": "-1070"}, "sources": ["Tomb Robbery Papyri (BM 10052, Mayer A, Abbott)", "Deir el-Medina Ostraca (DM 222, CG 25556)", "Usai, L. (2026)"], "verification_status": "REQUIRES VERIFICATION", "description": "Judicial papyri and ostraca mention Shardana (sau) as permanent security forces guarding the Valley of the Kings and investigating tomb robberies. This is documented in primary sources but needs verification of specific Shardana references.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:shardana_legal_adoption_papyrus", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shardana Civil Integration: Adoption Papyrus of Ramesses XI", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "veteran_community"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_xi", "role": "legitimizing_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:adoption_papyrus", "role": "legal_document"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "administrative_center"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynastic_outcome"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1107", "end": "-1077"}, "sources": ["Ashmolean Papyrus 1945.96", "Papyrus Wilbour", "Usai, L. (2026)"], "verification_status": "PLAUSIBLE - REQUIRES VERIFICATION", "description": "The Adoption Papyrus from year 1 of Ramesses XI records legal rights of Shardana veterans including marriage to provincial aristocracy, ownership of servants, adoption rights, and land inheritance. This suggests Shardana integration into Egyptian society that could have enabled peaceful rise of Shoshenq I's dynasty. PLAUSIBLE but requires verification of specific Shardana mention in the papyrus.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:shardana_long_term_integration", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Multi-Generational Integration of Shardana in Egyptian Society", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "integrated_community"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_ii", "role": "early_employer"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:ramesses_xi", "role": "later_legal_recognizer"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynastic_fulfillment"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "political_arena"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1279", "end": "-0943"}, "sources": ["Medinet Habu reliefs", "Tomb Robbery Papyri", "Adoption Papyrus", "Usai, L. (2026)"], "verification_status": "PLAUSIBLE", "description": "From Ramesses II's employment of Shardana mercenaries through their legal recognition in the Twentieth Dynasty to the rise of Shoshenq I in the Twenty-second Dynasty, there is evidence of multi-generational integration of Shardana into Egyptian military, administrative, and civil society, culminating in a Shardana-Libian dynasty.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:usai_transcontinental_hypothesis", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Usai's Transcontinental Shardana Projection Hypothesis", "cardinality": 6, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "protonuragic_people"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "origin_point"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:beit_el_wali", "role": "nubian_campaign_site"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:nubia", "role": "gold_control_theater"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:valley_of_kings", "role": "integration_stage"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "final_dynastic_result"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1270", "end": "-0943"}, "sources": ["Usai, L. (2026). Proiezione Transcontinentale Shardana in Nubia", "Usai, L. (2026). Il Faraone sardo di Masua Shoshenq I"], "verification_status": "MIXED - Partly Confirmed, Partly Disputed", "description": "Usai's comprehensive hypothesis traces Shardana from Sardinia through Nubian campaigns (Beit el-Wali - DISPUTED), valley security (CONFIRMED), legal integration (PLAUSIBLE), to dynastic ascent (PLAUSIBLE). While the general narrative of Shardana integration is well-supported, the specific claim about Beit el-Wali is NOT supported by academic sources which document Nubians, Syrians, Libyans, and Shasu but NOT Shardana at that location.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:ethno:meshwesh", "@type": "Organization", "name": "Meshwesh", "alternateName": ["Ma", "Mazyes", "Maxyes", "Mazices", "Mazax"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q1799923", "urn:vertex:ethno:mashuash_egizio"], "description": "Ancient Libyan tribe, abbreviated as 'Ma' in Egyptian texts. Origin of the Twenty-second Dynasty pharaohs. Lived in Cyrenaica, described as nomadic/semi-nomadic herders.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:buyuwawa", "@type": "Person", "name": "Buyuwawa", "alternateName": ["Buyuwawa the Libyan", "Buyuwawa the Tehenu"], "description": "Libyan chieftain identified as the ultimate ancestor of the Meshwesh chiefs and the Twenty-second Dynasty pharaohs in the Pasenhor stela genealogy.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:actor:pasenhor", "@type": "Person", "name": "Pasenhor", "alternateName": ["Horpasen", "Pasenhor B"], "description": "Memphite priest of Ptah and prophet of Neith who dedicated the Apis bull stela at Saqqara (year 37 of Shoshenq V), inscribing his 16-generation genealogy.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:pasenhor_stela", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Stela of Pasenhor", "alternateName": ["Serapeum Stela of Pasenhor", "Royal Genealogy Stela"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q56299527"], "description": "Limestone stela from the Serapeum at Saqqara (Louvre N 481 / IM 2846), containing a 16-generation genealogy tracing the Twenty-second Dynasty back to the Libyan chieftain Buyuwawa.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:tehenu", "@type": "Place", "name": "Tehenu", "alternateName": ["Tjehenu"], "description": "Egyptian name for the coastal region of Libya (Marmarica), between Cyrenaica and Egypt proper. Home of one Libyan tribal group.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:tjehemu", "@type": "Place", "name": "Tjehemu", "alternateName": ["Tjehemu"], "description": "Egyptian name for the western Libyan region (Cyrenaica), home of the Meshwesh and Libu tribes.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:cyrenaica", "@type": "Place", "name": "Cyrenaica", "alternateName": ["Barca", "Pentapolis"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q34567"], "description": "Eastern region of Libya, traditional homeland of the Meshwesh and Libu tribes.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:loc:heracleopolis", "@type": "Place", "name": "Heracleopolis", "alternateName": ["Nen-nesut", "Hnes"], "sameAs": ["wd:Q753617"], "description": "Ancient Egyptian city where Buyuwawa's lineage was established; mentioned in the Pasenhor stela genealogy.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bronze_statuettes", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Sardinian Bronze Statuettes", "alternateName": ["Bronzetti sardi", "Nuragic bronzetti"], "description": "Small bronze figurines from Sardinia showing warriors with horned helmets, round shields, and swords matching Egyptian depictions of Shardana warriors.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:node:deity:sardus_pater", "@type": "Thing", "name": "Sardus Pater", "alternateName": ["Sardus", "Father of the Sards"], "description": "Major local deity in Sardinia, possibly connected to the Shardana heritage.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:meshwesh_libyan_origin", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Meshwesh as Libyan Tribe in Egyptian Records", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:meshwesh", "role": "libyan_tribe"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tjehemu", "role": "homeland_region"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:cyrenaica", "role": "geographic_area"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:herodotus", "role": "classical_nomenclature"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1390", "end": "-0400"}, "sources": ["Wikipedia: Meshwesh", "Penn Museum: Egyptians and Libyans in the New Kingdom", "Herodotus Histories"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "The Meshwesh were an ancient Libyan tribe mentioned in Egyptian texts from the Eighteenth Dynasty onward. They lived in Cyrenaica and were described as nomadic herders. Some scholars identify them with the Mazyes/Maxyes mentioned by Herodotus.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:pasenhor_genealogy_buyuwawa", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Pasenhor Stela Genealogy Tracing XXII Dynasty to Buyuwawa", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:pasenhor_stela", "role": "genealogical_document"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:pasenhor", "role": "genealogist_dedicator"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:buyuwawa", "role": "libyan_progenitor"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynastic_descendant"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:heracleopolis", "role": "lineage_seat"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0654", "end": "-0618"}, "sources": ["Stela of Pasenhor (Wikipedia)", "Edgepedia: Stela of Pasenhor", "Breasted 1906 translation"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "The Stela of Pasenhor from year 37 of Shoshenq V contains a 16-generation genealogy tracing the Twenty-second Dynasty pharaohs back to the Libyan chieftain Buyuwawa. This document serves as the backbone of XXII Dynasty chronology and explicitly states the Libyan origin of the Meshwesh chiefs.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:meshwesh_dynastic_names", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Libyo-Berber Origin of Dynastic Personal Names", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:meshwesh", "role": "libyan_origin"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "name_bearer"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:osorkon_i", "role": "name_bearer"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tjehemu", "role": "cultural_source"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0943", "end": "-0715"}, "sources": ["Wikipedia: Meshwesh", "Berber linguistics studies"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "The personal names of the Twenty-second Dynasty pharaohs (Osorkon, Takelot, Nimlot, Shoshenq) are of Libyo-Berber origin, as are certain non-Egyptian titles used by these people. This linguistic evidence confirms the Libyan/Berber identity of the Meshwesh.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:meshwesh_settlement_delta", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Meshwesh Settlement in the Western Nile Delta", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:meshwesh", "role": "settling_tribe"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "delta_capital"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynastic_leader"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tjehemu", "role": "origin_region"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1075", "end": "-0943"}, "sources": ["Wikipedia: Meshwesh", "Egyptian historical records"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "During the late 21st Dynasty, increasing numbers of Meshwesh began to settle in the Western Nile Delta region. They ultimately took control of Egypt during the late 21st Dynasty under Osorkon the Elder, then ruled throughout the 22nd and 23rd Dynasties.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:shardana_bronze_statuettes_evidence", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Sardinian Bronze Statuettes Matching Shardana Iconography", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:artifact:bronze_statuettes", "role": "archaeological_evidence"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "depicted_warriors"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "production_site"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:sardus_pater", "role": "cultural_context"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1200", "end": "-0800"}, "sources": ["Museo dei Dolmen: Sea Peoples in Sardinia and Corsica", "Archaeological studies of Nuragic bronzetti"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "Sardinian bronze statuettes (bronzetti) show warriors wearing horned helmets, round shields, and swords that match Egyptian depictions of Shardana warriors. This confirms the etymological identity between the Shardana people and the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The oldest statuettes date to 11th-12th century BC, suggesting Shardana arrival may have preceded the Dorian invasion.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:herodotus_mazyes_meshwesh", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Identification of Meshwesh with Herodotus' Mazyes/Maxyes", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:meshwesh", "role": "egyptian_name"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:herodotus", "role": "classical_source"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:cyrenaica", "role": "geographic_region"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tjehemu", "role": "egyptian_terminology"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0450", "end": "-0440"}, "sources": ["Wikipedia: Meshwesh", "Herodotus Histories", "Hecataeus of Miletus"], "verification_status": "PLAUSIBLE", "description": "Some scholars argue that the Egyptian Meshwesh tribe is the same as the Mazyes mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus and Maxyes by Herodotus, while the tribe was called Mazices and Mazax in Latin sources. This identification connects Egyptian historical records with classical ethnography.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:merenptah_shardana_libyan_alliance", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Shardana Fighting with Libyan Chief Merey against Egypt", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "allied_mercenaries"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:libu", "role": "libyan_invaders"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "egyptian_target"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tehenu", "role": "libyan_origin"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "shardana_homeland"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1208", "end": "-1219"}, "sources": ["Expedition Magazine: Egyptians and Libyans", "Merenptah Karnak inscription", "Academia.edu: Sea Peoples inscriptions"], "verification_status": "CONFIRMED", "description": "During Merenptah's fifth regnal year, King Merey of the Rebu/Lebu attacked Egypt together with northern warriors including Sherden (Shardana), Shekelesh, Akawasha, Lukka, and Tursha. This documents an alliance between Libyan tribes and Shardana mercenaries against Egypt, providing evidence of Shardana-Libian cooperation before the rise of the Twenty-second Dynasty.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:meshwesh_shardana_connection_hypothesis", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Hypothesis: Meshwesh-Shardana Cultural Hybridity", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:meshwesh", "role": "libyan_base"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "sardinian_element"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "hybrid_dynasty"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "political_center"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "cultural_source"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1200", "end": "-0943"}, "sources": ["Usai, L. (2026)", "Merenptah inscriptions", "Bronze statuettes evidence"], "verification_status": "PLAUSIBLE", "description": "The hypothesis posits that the Twenty-second Dynasty under Shoshenq I represents a cultural hybridity between Libyan Meshwesh and Sardinian Shardana elements. Evidence includes: (1) Merenptah inscriptions showing Shardana fighting alongside Libyans, (2) bronze statuettes in Sardinia matching Shardana iconography, (3) the Libyan origin stated in the Pasenhor stela with possible Mediterranean connections. While the Libyan origin is confirmed, the specific Sardinian-Shardana component remains inferential.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:tanit_bastet_syncretism", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Syncretism between Tanit and Bastet in Sardo-Egyptian Context", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:tanit", "role": "punic_goddess"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:deity:bastet", "role": "egyptian_goddess"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "syncretic_zone"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:bubastis", "role": "egyptian_center"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1000", "end": "-0800"}, "sources": ["Punic-Egyptian Religious Syncretism", "Tanit-Bastet Iconography"], "description": "The Punic goddess Tanit worshipped in Sardinia shares iconographic and functional similarities with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, patron of Shoshenq I's dynasty, suggesting religious syncretism in the western Mediterranean.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:mediterranean_maritime_route", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Maritime Route Connecting Sardinia to Egypt via Libya", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "western_terminus"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:masua", "role": "port_of_origin"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:libu", "role": "libyan_intermediaries"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "egyptian_destination"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "maritime_protagonists"}], "temporal": {"start": "-1200", "end": "-0943"}, "sources": ["Bronze Age Maritime Networks", "Shipwreck Archaeology", "Wind Patterns in the Central Mediterranean"], "description": "A maritime trade route connected Sardinia's ports (including Masua in Sulcis) to Egypt via Libyan coastal settlements, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and ideas that enabled the rise of Shoshenq I's Sardo-Egyptian dynasty.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:chronological_synchronism", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Chronological Synchronism Between Egyptian and Biblical Records", "cardinality": 4, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "egyptian_pharaoh"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:myth:shishak", "role": "biblical_shishak"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:rehoboam", "role": "judean_king"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:hist:manetho", "role": "chronographic_source"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0925", "end": "-0924"}, "sources": ["Egyptian Chronology", "Biblical Chronology", "Thiele's Chronological Studies"], "description": "The chronology of Shoshenq I's reign (c. 943-922 BC) aligns with the biblical date for Shishak's invasion of Jerusalem during Rehoboam's reign (5th year after Solomon's death), providing the basis for their identification.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}
{"@id": "shoshenq:edge:consequence_sardo_egyptian_legacy", "@type": "shoshenq:Hyperedge", "label": "Legacy of Sardo-Egyptian Cultural Hybridity in the Western Mediterranean", "cardinality": 5, "incidence": [{"node": "shoshenq:node:actor:shoshenq_i", "role": "dynastic_founder"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:sardinia", "role": "cultural_source"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:loc:tanis", "role": "imperial_center"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:shardana", "role": "military_legacy"}, {"node": "shoshenq:node:ethno:nuragic", "role": "artistic_legacy"}], "temporal": {"start": "-0943", "end": "-0500"}, "sources": ["Usai, L. (2026). Il Faraone sardo di Masua Shoshenq I", "Mediterranean Cultural Hybridity Studies"], "description": "The hypothesis of Shoshenq I's Sardo-Egyptian origin reveals a legacy of cultural hybridity in the western Mediterranean, where Sardinian, Egyptian, Libyan, and Punic elements merged to create a distinctive cosmopolitan civilization.", "dcterms:isPartOf": {"@id": "shoshenq:hypergraph_context"}}